{"id":5178,"date":"2025-09-15T11:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vinitor.wine\/?p=5178"},"modified":"2025-10-08T11:46:45","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T09:46:45","slug":"revokaz-evropa-roubovani-koreny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vinitor.wine\/cs\/phylloxera-europe-grafting-roots\/","title":{"rendered":"Fyloxera: Jak mal\u00fd \u0161k\u016fdce t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymazal evropsk\u00e9 vinice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mohla velk\u00e1 v\u00edna z Montsantu, Ruedy nebo Terra Alta zmizet nav\u017edy? Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed to vypadalo jako re\u00e1ln\u00e1 hrozba. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neviditeln\u00fd \u0161k\u016fdce, nezn\u00e1m\u00fd evropsk\u00fdm p\u016fd\u00e1m, zp\u016fsoboval \u017eloutnut\u00ed r\u00e9vy, pokles v\u00fdnos\u016f a vyvolal nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed krizi v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch vina\u0159stv\u00ed. Jm\u00e9no vin\u00edka: m\u0161i\u010dka r\u00e9vokazn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edchod m\u0161i\u010dky r\u00e9vokazn\u00e9 \u2013 Hmyz, kter\u00fd p\u0159iplul p\u0159es mo\u0159e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u0161i\u010dka r\u00e9vokazn\u00e1 (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae<\/em>) je hmyz podobn\u00fd m\u0161ici, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze Severn\u00ed Ameriky. Tam se divok\u00e9 druhy r\u00e9vy vyvinuly spolu s n\u00ed, vytvo\u0159ily ko\u0159enov\u00e9 struktury a imunitn\u00ed reakce, kter\u00e9 omezily \u0161kody. Ale Vitis vinifera<\/em>, p\u011bstovan\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 r\u00e9va, takovou obranu nem\u011bla. Kdy\u017e hmyz dorazil, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm botanick\u00fdch v\u00fdm\u011bn v 50. letech 19. stolet\u00ed, na\u0161el v evropsk\u00fdch vinic\u00edch obrovskou, nechr\u00e1n\u011bnou hostinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 60. let 19. stolet\u00ed byly potvrzeny napaden\u00ed na jihu Rh\u00f4ny. Odtud se m\u0161i\u010dka r\u00e9vokazn\u00e1 ne\u00faprosn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po Francii, pot\u00e9 na v\u00fdchod a na jih. V 70. letech 19. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hla Katal\u00e1nska a La Rioja, kde zni\u010dila v\u00fdsadby. V Terra Alta a Montsantu podlehly tis\u00edce tradi\u010dn\u011b p\u011bstovan\u00fdch ke\u0159\u016f. Cel\u00e9 vesnice opustily vina\u0159stv\u00ed a p\u0159e\u0161ly na obiloviny nebo migraci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0161i\u010dka r\u00e9vokazn\u00e1 a kolaps evropsk\u00fdch vinic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rozsah krize byl nepochopiteln\u00fd. Francie ztratila v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 % sv\u00fdch vinic b\u011bhem desetilet\u00ed. \u0160pan\u011blsko, kter\u00e9 bylo zasa\u017eeno pomaleji, p\u0159esto zaznamenalo masivn\u00ed \u00fabytek v hlavn\u00edch DO v 80. letech 19. stolet\u00ed. V\u00fdsadby Verdeja v Rued\u011b byly vyko\u0159en\u011bny, v Galicii zanikly starobyl\u00e9 vinice Albari\u00f1o. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch odhad\u016f bylo zni\u010deno p\u0159es dva miliony hektar\u016f vinic po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u011bstitel\u00e9 zkou\u0161eli cokoliv: s\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, zaplavov\u00e1n\u00ed vinic a dokonce i zakop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch \u017eab pod r\u00e9vu (v\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee vyt\u00e1hnou \u201ejed\u201c). Vl\u00e1dy nab\u00edzely odm\u011bny za l\u00e9ky, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd se neuk\u00e1zal jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odpor k radik\u00e1ln\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m byl roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd. V Bordeaux a Burgundsku \u00fa\u0159ady roky zakazovaly roubov\u00e1n\u00ed, ob\u00e1valy se fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale jak krize prohlubovala a m\u00edstn\u00ed ekonomiky kolabovaly, nal\u00e9havost p\u0159evl\u00e1dla nad hrdost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roubov\u00e1n\u00ed jako \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u0161i\u010dky r\u00e9vokazn\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Botanik Jules \u00c9mile Planchon jako prvn\u00ed identifikoval hmyz po\u017e\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159eny jako p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010de choroby. Americk\u00fd entomolog Charles Valentine Riley pomohl potvrdit jeho p\u016fvod a vzorce odolnosti. Ve spolupr\u00e1ci s vina\u0159i jako L\u00e9o Laliman a Thomas Munson se objevilo \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: roubovat Vitis vinifera<\/em> v\u00fdhony na odoln\u00e9 americk\u00e9 podno\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nebylo to rychl\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed roubov\u00e1n\u00ed selhalo kv\u016fli neslu\u010ditelnosti s p\u016fdou. Francouzsk\u00e9 a \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 terroiry vy\u017eadovaly specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti podno\u017e\u00ed: odolnost v\u016f\u010di suchu v such\u00fdch v\u00e1pencov\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch Terra Alta, vysokou vitalitu a toleranci pH v Rued\u011b, odolnost v\u016f\u010di houb\u00e1m v vlhk\u00fdch galicijsk\u00fdch vinic\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nakonec, s hybridn\u00edmi kombinacemi V. riparia<\/em>, V. rupestris<\/em>, and V. berlandieri<\/em>, za\u010daly roubovan\u00e9 r\u00e9vy prosperovat. Rekonstrukce vinic za\u010dala naplno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br podno\u017e\u00ed a dlouhodob\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fyloxery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dnes t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny evropsk\u00e9 r\u00e9vy rostou na roubovan\u00fdch podno\u017e\u00edch. R\u00e9va vinifera<\/em> na vlastn\u00edch ko\u0159enech p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze v izolovan\u00fdch, fyloxerou nezasa\u017een\u00fdch oblastech, jako jsou p\u00eds\u010dit\u00e9 vinice v \u010d\u00e1stech Andalusie nebo vulkanick\u00e9 p\u016fdy na Kan\u00e1rsk\u00fdch ostrovech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br podno\u017e\u00ed se stal nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed vinic. \u0160pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed p\u011bstitel\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b hodnot\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Hloubku a odvodn\u011bn\u00ed p\u016fdy<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Obsah v\u00e1pence<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Toleranci v\u016f\u010di soli<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Odolnost v\u016f\u010di stresu ze sucha<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kontrola vitality a kompatibilita s roubem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    V Montsantu a Terra Alta podporuj\u00ed sucho sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed podno\u017ee jako 110R nebo 140Ru odr\u016fdy Garnacha Negra a Cari\u00f1ena v chud\u00fdch, b\u0159idlicov\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch. V Rued\u011b, s jej\u00edmi prom\u011bnliv\u00fdmi \u0161t\u011brky a vysok\u00fdm pH, jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 podno\u017ee jako 41B nebo SO4. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 volba vyva\u017euje riziko, dlouhov\u011bkost a m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se klima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Proti r\u00e9vokazu nebyl nalezen \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd chemick\u00fd l\u00e9k. Biologick\u00e1 odolnost, spojen\u00e1 s inteligentn\u00edm vinohradnictv\u00edm, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedin\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm. A ani to nen\u00ed z\u00e1ruka: v Kalifornii se v 80. letech zhroutila \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 podno\u017e AXR1, kdy\u017e nov\u00e9 biotypy r\u00e9vokazu prolomily jej\u00ed obranu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    R\u00e9vokaz dnes \u2013 Trvaj\u00edc\u00ed rizika a strategick\u00e9 lekce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00edce ne\u017e stolet\u00ed po velk\u00e9 pohrom\u011b st\u00e1le st\u00edn r\u00e9vokazu formuje vinohradnictv\u00ed. Revoluce v podno\u017e\u00edch zm\u011bnila nejen zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm se vinice vysazuj\u00ed, ale i jak se vyv\u00edjely vina\u0159sk\u00e9 oblasti. N\u011bkter\u00e9 odr\u016fdy b\u011bhem p\u0159ep\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed ztratily na oblib\u011b, jin\u00e9 z\u00edskaly dominanci. Objevily se nov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 ustoupily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je d\u011bdictv\u00ed vid\u011bt v rozmanitosti pou\u017eit\u00ed podno\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch star\u00fdch vinic (zejm\u00e9na v p\u016fd\u00e1ch bez r\u00e9vokazu) a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu synergie mezi roubem a podno\u017e\u00ed. Pro dne\u0161n\u00ed p\u011bstitele krize slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka: p\u0159\u00edroda ur\u010duje pravidla. \u00dakolem vinohradnictv\u00ed nen\u00ed kontrola, ale adaptace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00fdb\u011br podno\u017ee, kdysi pova\u017eovan\u00fd za technickou z\u00e1le\u017eitost, je nyn\u00ed strategick\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm. A i kdy\u017e byl hmyz, kter\u00fd kdysi hrozil vymaz\u00e1n\u00edm evropsk\u00fdch vinic, zkrocen, ot\u00e1zka z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1: jak\u00fd \u0161k\u016fdce, nemoc nebo klimatick\u00fd \u0161ok m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat dal\u0161\u00ed transformaci?<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Could the great wines of Montsant, Rueda or Terra Alta have vanished forever? In the late 19th century, that possibility […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-es"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPhylloxera: How a Tiny Pest Nearly Erased Europe's Vineyards - 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