{"id":5178,"date":"2025-09-15T11:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vinitor.wine\/?p=5178"},"modified":"2025-10-08T11:46:45","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T09:46:45","slug":"phylloxera-chau-au-ghep-goc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vinitor.wine\/vi\/phylloxera-europe-grafting-roots\/","title":{"rendered":"Phylloxera: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng chai r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Montsant, Rueda hay Terra Alta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e3i m\u00e3i? V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. M\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e2y nho v\u00e0ng \u00faa, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng nho. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m: phylloxera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 Xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Phylloxera \u2013 Lo\u00e0i C\u00f4n Tr\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e3 V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phylloxera (<em>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng gi\u1ed1ng r\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nho d\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng <em>Vitis vinifera<\/em>, gi\u1ed1ng nho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Khi c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1850, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Rh\u00f4ne. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, phylloxera lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Catalonia v\u00e0 La Rioja v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870, t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho. T\u1ea1i Terra Alta v\u00e0 Montsant, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y nho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. C\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng nho, chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ed3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c di c\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phylloxera v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 S\u1ee5p \u0110\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u01b0\u1eddn Nho Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea5t h\u01a1n 40% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1ed3ng nho trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7; T\u00e2y Ban Nha, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, v\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng DO l\u1edbn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho Verdejo \u1edf Rueda b\u1ecb nh\u1ed5 b\u1ecf; \u1edf Galicia, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y nho Albari\u00f1o c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, h\u01a1n hai tri\u1ec7u hecta nho tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng nho \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch: r\u1eafc l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u01b0\u1eddn nho, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3c d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c nho (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00fat \"\u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1\"). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u1ede Bordeaux v\u00e0 Burgundy, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5m gh\u00e9p c\u00e2y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 pha t\u1ea1p. Nh\u01b0ng khi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gh\u00e9p C\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p cho Phylloxera<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Jules \u00c9mile Planchon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0103n r\u1ec5 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Charles Valentine Riley \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng nho nh\u01b0 L\u00e9o Laliman v\u00e0 Thomas Munson, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: gh\u00e9p <em>Vitis vinifera<\/em> ch\u1ed3i l\u00ean g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n gh\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng terroir c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i kh\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Terra Alta; s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cao v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu pH \u1edf Rueda; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea5m \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a Galicia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p lai t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a <em>V. riparia<\/em>, <em>V. rupestris<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>V. berlandieri<\/em>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y nho gh\u00e9p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phylloxera d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y nay, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y nho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p. C\u00e2y nho <em>vinifera<\/em> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phylloxera, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Andalusia ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Canary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u1ed3ng nho. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng nho T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu mu\u1ed1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng do h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1i Montsant v\u00e0 Terra Alta, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 110R ho\u1eb7c 140Ru h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Garnacha Negra v\u00e0 Cari\u00f1ena tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn. \u1ede Rueda, v\u1edbi s\u1ecfi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 pH cao, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p nh\u01b0 41B ho\u1eb7c SO4 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed7i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa r\u1ee7i ro, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb phylloxera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Kh\u00e1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi canh t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng minh, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o: \u1edf California, g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p AXR1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 khi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u phylloxera m\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u00e0ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phylloxera Ng\u00e0y Nay \u2013 R\u1ee7i ro Ti\u1ebfp Di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 B\u00e0i H\u1ecdc Chi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn, b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a phylloxera v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng nho. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed3ng nho m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng nho b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i tr\u1ed3ng; nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha, di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y qua s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y nho c\u1ed5 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phylloxera), v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i gh\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng nho ng\u00e0y nay, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf: thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra quy t\u1eafc. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng nho kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng t\u1eebng \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n: s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, hay c\u00fa s\u1ed1c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp theo?<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Could the great wines of Montsant, Rueda or Terra Alta have vanished forever? In the late 19th century, that possibility [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-es"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - 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